It is Impossible to Accurately Imagine What is it like to be a Bat Essa

It is Impossible to Accurately Imagine What is it like to be a Bat Insofar as I can imagine this (which is not very far), it tells me only what it would be like for me to behave as a bat behaves. But that is not the question. I want to know what it is like for a bat to be a bat... - Thomas Nagel In order to take the above request seriously, one must assume that bats have experience and consciousness. Assuming so, one must then imagine the consciousness that a bat must live with. Its brain is "designed to correlate outgoing impulses with subsequent echoes, and the information thus acquired enables the bat to make precise discriminations of distance, size, shape, motion, and texture comparable to those we make by vision." (Whereas we humans rely on sight to create our vision of the universe, bats rely on sound.) Because any argument of any creature's existence must be based on the human epistemology, the question is now not how bats perceive the universe, but how a bat's perception compares to the human perception. Such a comparison may never be genuine or correct, but by...

Bourdieu, P. Language and Symbolic Power Essay

French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, in his work, Language and Symbolic Power (1991), describes the power of language in relation to politics, social institutions, economics, and education. He views language as a means of communication but more especially as a competitive means of pursuing interests and objectives. He explores the traditional approaches to language but emphasizes that language is more important and beneficial when it is understood in the social context. â€Å"The social uses of language owe their specifically social value to the fact that they tend to be organized in systems of differences which reproduce the system of social differences† (p. 54). The connections between literacy and social positioning can be analyzed through the different forms of capital – economic, cultural (i.e. knowledge, skills and other cultural acquisitions, as exemplified by educational or technical qualifications), symbolic (i.e. accumulated prestige or honor), etc., which can be accumulated through family or social institutions (Menard-Warwick & Dabach, 2004). Central to the discussion are the two concepts ‘linguistic market;’ and ‘linguistic habitus’ that are considered as â€Å"sites of struggle and competition where individuals or agents strive to maintain or alter their position and where their capacity to compete is determined by the volume of capital they possess† (Riagà ¡in, 1997, p. 39). Linguistic capital, together with other forms of capital, defines position of an individual within the social hierarchy (Riagà ¡in, 1997). Bourdieu also speaks of a linguistic market competence as capital. His extensive use of the language of economics (e.g., markets, profit, price, investment), according to Riagà ¡in (1997), implies that individual adopts linguistic strategy that contributes to a realization of desirable outcome like profit that symbolizes prestige. Social dynamics will then contribute to the understanding of the role of education. For Bourdieu, literacy learning involves interrelated aspects of complex individual, social, and cultural contexts. This multidisciplinary perspective allows us to increase our knowledge and deepen our understanding of concepts and ideas that might form social groups. In the academic field, the habitus provided educators with a different way of viewing social institutions where students and teachers act and react analytically based on their practices, perceptions, and attitudes already in place. Teachers and students are viewed to have socially structured resources and competencies that enable them to use language in dealing with and understanding relationships, hierarchies, and literacy practices (Gutierrez & Stone, 2000). â€Å"Sociology can free itself from all the forms of domination which linguistics and its concepts still exercise today over the social sciences only by bringing to light the operations of object construction through which this science was established, and the social conditions of the production and circulation of its fundamental concepts† (Bourdieu , 1991, p. 37). The use of language through the power of media is also associated to the fields of politics and social sciences. Bourdieu’s dynamic model of the relationship between society and politics explains how language is used in political systems that affect social conditions. For instance, people who share common culture and social networks are likely to shape their own social institutions. The Civil Rights Movement in The United States (US) is an example of how social institutions are developed. In addition, Bourdieu also explains through the concepts of habitus, symbolic power, religious capital, and field the occurrence of social movements within institutions like religious groups. For example, the introduction of women’s ordination movement in the Catholic Church (Stone, 2001). It is therefore important to consider Bourdieu’ concepts of ‘linguistic habitus’ and linguistic market, as well as the different capitals in analyzing discourse social, political, and economic processes and changes because language should not only be viewed in the traditional perspective but also in the different context to maximize the use and functions of language in specific fields of study and practice. References Gutierrez, K. D. & Stone, L. (2000). Synchronic and diachronic dimensions of social practice. In C. Lee & P. Smagorinsky (Eds.), Vygotskian perspectives on literacy research: Constructing meaning through collaborative inquiry (pp. 150-164). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Menard-Warwick, J. & Dabach, D. B. (2004) â€Å"In a Little While I Could Be in Front†: Social Mobility, Class, and Gender in the Computer Practices of Two Mexicano Families Computer Users Tend to Develop Literacies Most Compatible with Their Current Lives Programs for Adult Learners Need to Make the Technology A Meaningful in This Context. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 47(5), 380+. Riagà ¡in, Pà ¡draig Ó (1997).Language Policy and Social Reproduction: Ireland, 1893-1993. New York: Oxford University. Stone, Lora (2001) â€Å"Misrecognition of the Limits†: Bourdieu’s Religious Capital and Social Transformation. University of New Mexico. Retrieved October 13, 2007 from http://www.jcrt.org/archives/03.1/stone.shtml.

Racism A Contagious Virus - 1130 Words

Introduction Racism is a man made illness that has spread upon humans worldwide and to this day, Racism is currently still a contagious virus. Racism is mans gravest threat to man, the maximum of hatred for a minimum of reason. The idea of race and superiority has caused major social and economic damage globally; with a fire still burning of hate and ignorance will we ever see a conclusion and closure of hate of our fellow man. In my response paper I will highlight readings that have expanded on the idea of race, racism, enslavement and endearment of the African people. Scientific Racism In this reading the uprising of racism is explained and focuses on how the white Europeans labeled those of the non-white race to be inferior. During the 1800’s scientism was an influential and important theme in the lives of those who were considered intellectuals. The idea and concepts of race were merely theories developed by European and American intellects, which included men whom held occupations in medicine, science, zoology, and psychology. A man by the name of Arthur de Gobineau was said to be the founding father of racism. He accumulated a set of theories which he explains and categorizes whites, blacks and Asians. He expresses the white race as superior and gives a number of high quality traits that the white men possess, while in contrast he defines blacks as inferior and unstable whom also have little to no positive qualities or strengths as a people. WhiteShow MoreRelatedThe Most Important Issues of the Modern World1475 Words   |  6 Pages1. The most important problems of the modern (contemporary) world. The modern world, the world that we live in is exposed to many perils. Among the major problems are poverty, unemployment, wars, terrorism, racism, air pollution, climate change/global warming, and diseases. Poverty The gap between rich and poor nations is still growing. Although rich nations have provided aid and technical assistance to Third World nations, the developing nations face many obstacles in their drive to modernize.Read MoreEssay on Impact of Stigma of HIV-AIDS in the South African Workplace1497 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of what workplace stigma towards HIV/AIDS is in the workplace from a South African company perspective with specific reference to how it can affect the workplace. In the South African politics whose history is filled with social discrimination, racism and discriminated beliefs, â€Å"A stigma is a deeply discrediting attribute that reduces a person to someone who is in some way tainted and can thus be ridiculed†. - (molefe, 2009) The research problem faced with is that HIV/AIDS stigmas within the SouthRead MoreEternal Knowledge is From God Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience and even by accident we uncover information. For example, when AIDS was first exposed, it was believed that it was highly contagious through kissing and even through casual contact and as a result the whole country was in frenzy but as the medical field study and become more educated about this disease, they revealed that there are specific ways for the virus to enter the body. Society had to change their thinking and behavior to match such discovered truth. Culture is also relative toRead MoreHiv And The Older Adult Population Essay2040 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a serious condition in our society. If left untreated, HIV can progress to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (CDC, 2016a). Once a person is infected with HIV, it can never be completely removed from the body, meaning they are infected for the remainder of their life (CDC, 2016a). HIV was initially thought to be a problem only in younger generations (Ellman, Sexton, Warshafsky, Sobieszczyk, Morrison, 2014). However, evidence has emergedRead MoreHiv / Aids : An Epidemic Of The United States1986 Words   |  8 Pagesimpact on this population (Saleh Operario, 2008, p. 394). Interventions that de-stigmatize same-sex behavior and reduce intolerance may also be necessary for implementing HIV programs, including homophobia among those working with this population. Racism, discrimination, poverty, and access to health-care are also fundamental issues that must be addressed as risk factors for HIV in and of themselves regardless of sexual ori entation or identity, Socioeconomic factors can provide obstacles to HIV preventionRead More War Creates Social Division, Not Cohesion Essay5403 Words   |  22 Pages Therefore, in 1942 Japanese Americans and Canadians, a mistrusted yet innocent ethnic minority, were being forcibly detained on the basis of a fictitious military necessity according to Roger Daniels. And two separate governments were exhibiting racism that had been indigenous against Asians for nearly a century. The approach used--the military in one nation, the national police in the other--were similar, and the internment camps in both were just as remote and unpleasant. The circumstances of

Natural Mosquito Repellent Recipe

Its easy to make your own natural mosquito repellent. You can control exactly what goes into the product so you wont need to worry about any unwanted chemicals. Natural Mosquito Repellent Safety There are a couple of different formulations you can use for your natural mosquito repellent. In general, what you are doing is diluting an essential oil that the mosquitoes find distasteful or which confuses them so they cant find you to bite you. The oils dont mix with water, so youll need to add them to other oils or to alcohol. Its important to use an oil or alcohol that is safe for your skin. Also, dont go overboard with the essential oils. The oils are potent and could cause skin irritation or another reaction if you use too much. If you are pregnant or nursing, do not use any mosquito repellent, natural or otherwise, until after youve gotten it cleared by your physician. Natural Mosquito Repellent Ingredients If you are making large amounts of mosquito repellent, a good rule of thumb is to mix the repellent so its 5-10% essential oil. That means you should mix one part essential oil with 10-20 parts carrier oil or alcohol. For a smaller batch use: 10-25 drops (total) of essential oils2 tablespoons of a carrier oil or alcohol The essential oils that work well against mosquitoes are: cinnamon oillemon eucalyptus oilcitronella oilcastor oil Safe carrier oils and alcohols include: olive oilsunflower oilany other cooking oilwitch hazelvodka Natural Mosquito Repellent Recipe Mix the essential oil with the carrier oil or alcohol. Rub or spray the natural insect repellent onto skin or clothing, using care to avoid the sensitive eye area. Youll need to re-apply the natural product after about an hour or after swimming or exercise. Unused natural insect repellent may be stored in a dark bottle, away from heat or sunlight.

Climate change and society Essay - 1055 Words

LSGI1B02 Climate Change and Society Second draft Name : Suen Ching Yi Student ID : 14101226D Topic : In considering solutions to the problem of global warming, state whether you agree with the statement by Tickell ((1996), in Houghton, Chapter 8 p.253) â€Å"Mostly we know what to do but we lack the will to do it†. Give reasoned arguments in support of your opinion. Global warming is the topic that increasingly occuipies the attention of world. Is it really happening? If so, how much of it is due to human activities? After realising the situation, has the public aware of it and contribute enough effort in combating the problem? This essay argues that in cosidering solutions to the problem of global warming,†¦show more content†¦Despite the cooling effect thought to be associated with particle pollution, the new ocean- atmosphere coupled GCM tools emerged with revised and higher estimates of the warming that would be associated with a doubling of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. After that, GCMs continued to improve and the numbers of scientific teams working on such models increased over the 1980s and 1990s. In terms of the study of palaeoclimate, during the 1980s there was also an intense drive to understand how and why past climate changed. All in all, the public and society had already gained enough recognition to the problem long ago. Furthermore, intense media interest throughout the late 1980s and 1990s contribute to the reason why global warming hypothesis was widely accepted and spread in the society. Second, people’s attitudes are also selfsh. Many recognise this lack of will to act as a spiritual problem that we are too obsessed with the material and fail to act according to generally accepted values if it cost to ourselves or if it is concerned with the future rather than the present. We are only too aware of the strong temptations we experience at both the personal and national levels to use world’s resources to satisfy our needs and greediness. The society holds different attitudes towards different issues. One of the main attitudes is equlity. In our world community, human beings are not all equal. Reality is fullShow MoreRelatedClimate Change And Its Effects On Society Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesClimate Change:  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬A Threat to Nature and to Civilization Climate change is a threat to nature and to civilization. The rise of greenhouse gases are anthropogenic because they are derived from human actions. The combustion of fossil fuels, along with deforestation are causing an increase in carbon dioxide. These carbon dioxide emissions are being trapped in our atmosphere and are warming the surface of the planet. Climate change is occurring right now, and if no actions are taken, then thereRead MoreClimate Change And Its Effects On Society1840 Words   |  8 Pages Climate change is a very real, and very present threat to countless of lives all around the globe. Temperatures are soaring in some areas, while they plummet in others. This drastic change in weather patterns can not only destroy the ecosystems of our planet, it also has the potential to wreak havoc on society with the smallest of changes. For example, it’s well known that the polar ice caps are melting at an alarming rate due to rising temperatures. This cau ses ocean levels to rise,Read MoreClimate Change And Its Effects On Society1475 Words   |  6 PagesClimate Change â€Å"We are living on this planet as if we have another one to go to.† (Unknown) This quote by an unknown source depicts the common mindset of the modern human. At the start of the 20th century America had had numerous major advancements in technology and business. These advancements helped to put America ahead, but at a cost. Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, other greenhouse gases and aerosols have been steadily increasing since this time period and show no signs of stopping soon (How DoRead MoreClimate Change And Its Effects On Society1223 Words   |  5 PagesThesis Climate change has been a highly controversial topic for the last couple of decades, in the last decade it has come more ever so pronounced under the public highlight. It is a very highly debatable topic in which many sides both scientific along with general public try to search for answers on if it’s a human caused one or one that just what mother earth herself continually goes though. I will be covering both the scientific reasoning on what might be causing climate change and how virtueRead MoreClimate Change And Its Effects On Our Society1545 Words   |  7 PagesFor many years, scientists have been doing research surrounding the topic of climate change. It has become a proven fact that our global ecological and weather patterns are changing in ways that occur at a much more rapid pace than natural cycles typically allow. According to a 2016 Monmouth University Poll, most Americans acknowledge, at least to some extent, that â€Å"the world’s climate is undergo ing a change that is causing more extreme weather patterns and the rise of sea levels.† Since humans relyRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Society And The Environment1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of climate crises are felt all over the globe, leaving harsh impacts on society and the environment. From typhoons to hurricanes to rising sea levels to rising atmospheric temperatures, cities around the world cannot escape the effects of climate change, but they are able to combat it. They are able to help the earth instead of continuing to harm it, and the way to do this is through implementing climate change programs. Even if one city chooses not to carry out such a program, it doesRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Our Society Essay1983 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Climate change is one of the biggest topics this generation will face, it is up to us to decide what conditions future generations ahead of ourselves will live in. I am going to show the science behind what is happening, but also how it effects me and other individuals in society and how they understand it. The Science and causes There is 1,260,000,000,000,000,000,000 liters of water on earth and about 98% of that is situated in our oceans I’m telling you this because one of theRead MoreClimate Change And Ocean Level Rise And Its Effects On Coastal Societies1490 Words   |  6 Pages Climate Change and Ocean Level Rise and their effects Michael Estrada Florida Atlantic University July 19, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Climate Change†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Melting of Greenland and the Arctic and its effects on the Ecosystem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Ocean level rise and its effects on Coastal Societies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....5 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreGlobal Climate Change: Society Can Slow it Down Essay example3415 Words   |  14 Pagesthat it is human caused, mainly due to increasing levels of GHGs in the atmosphere. The other is the opinion that the planet is currently going through a naturally-occurring warming stage. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released their Fourth Assessment on Climate Change in 2007, and it reported that GHG levels in the atmosphere have skyrocketed by up to 70%, 80% of which are exclusively increases in carbon-dioxide (CO2) (IPCC 4). CO2 is a product after the combustion of hydrocarbonsRead MoreThe Climate Change Report From The National Academy Of Sciences And The Royal Society2860 Words   |  12 Pages According to the Climate Chang e report from the National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society, the Sun’s â€Å"variations have played very little role in the climate changes observed in recent decades† (Society Academy, n.d.). Moreover, data provided by the report shows that even during periods of low solar activity, the Earth’s average surface temperature has still increased. These findings discredit the argument put forth by John L. Casey. No evidence has shown that the Sun has had a substantial

The Major Factors that Led to the American Revolution free essay sample

Letters from an American Farmer. A farmer says that he will give up his European blood, to become an American. He is showing that he would give up everything, Just to say that he Is an American. Including the Notes for Speech In Parliament Its purpose was to Inform the colonists how Parliament has treated them. That they came to be free, but England was still ruling them under the British Constitution. Also all this rebelling against England led to the American Revolution. So this all contributes to the identity of the colonies to a long extent.The colonists showed their unity too long extent. Benjamin Franklin tried to unite the colonies with the JOIN OR DIE banner. Benjamin expressed on the banner that together the colonies can overcome British rule. In the Declaration of Causes of taking up the arms, also supports the unity of the colonies. When the colonists took the arms, it was to prove that they will always stick together. We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Factors that Led to the American Revolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That they will not let England or any other country separate their unity. That they will remain loyal to their new home. In The FamousMother Bless the colonists are stating that they do not want to be ruled by some government that Is thousands of miles away. That they can rule themselves that that Is what they have be doing these last seventy years. That the colonist and colonies can accomplish everything without the help of England. This proves that the colonist showed their unity to a long and serious extent. The colonists showed England their identity and unity to a long extent. And they did not let British bring them down. They demonstrated that they would not let England rule them through the American Revolution.

Promoting Trust and Employee Engagement †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Promoting Trust and Employee Engagement. Answer: Introduction Organizational behaviour is integral component of the organization which seeks an inclusive understanding of how individuals and organization can enhance the performance of the organization (Mntymki Riemer, 2016). The case study of Nestle will be chosen in which organizational structure and theory of it will be described. A rational for the research methodology will be elaborated to show the reason behind choosing the Nestle. The role and the functions of the manager will be critically analyzed in the context of describing the risks and challenges they have to address in todays changing environment. There are various theories of organization that help to enhance the productivity of the employees along with the organization. The impact of values, ethics and diversity on culture of an organization will be defined which will be helpful for further study. A discussion will be made of the role and legitimacy of the management function. It has been analyzed that various researchers have chosen more collaborative approach to case studies and recognize number of methodologies that have diverse advantages and disadvantages which are not necessary conflicting but complementary. The aim behind choosing the research methodology is to gather the information about the case which can be accumulated in relevant and efficient manner by internet. The selection of case study can be opted as per the purpose of the study like information oriented selection and random selection. Systematic bias are avoided by random selection in the sample whereas information oriented selection involve the selection of the case as per the expectations. The research case study is chosen of Nestle for its effective organizational behaviour. The leaders of this company are effective to manage the issues for which they use effective strategies. The qualitative research is being chosen for analyzing the case study of Nestle and it has been done with the help of various journal articles, newspaper, and annual report of the organization and internet sources. Nestle is the worlds biggest food and beverage company that has started its business in 1867. There are more than 280,000 employees in the Nestle in over 86 countries (Nestle, n.d.). The main principle of nestle is base on decentralization. The case study of Nestle has been chosen for this assignment. Organizational structure and theory The organizational structure of Nestle is effective as it has adopted the various strategies to manage the organization in an effective manner. The organizational structure of Nestle is hierarchy and function based in which National manager is head of specific country who control entire organization by evaluating their performance. It has been found that there are number of theories such as classical theory, scientific theory, bureaucratic theory, modern theory and administrative theory. Nestle has adopted the administrative theory which is dependent on the departmentalization concept. It defines that the various activities are focused in the organization to attain the common purpose of the organization. The major focus of administrative theory within the organization is to improve the efficient so that the performance of the employees can be done in effective manner and the process of the organization can be standardized. It has been evaluated that apart from administrative theory, the contingency theory used by Nestle because this theory assist the manger to make decisions as per on the situation at hand instead of one size fits all method. An appropriate action is being taken by the manager as per the situation. It is required for the manager to use leadership approach that involves participation from worker s. The role of the manager and their performance to address the challenges and risks Organizations are become advanced due to advanced technology and in such case the role of manager or leader in the organization is vital to manage the workforce in adequate manner. Nestle is worlds largest food and beverage company that has faced number of issues or challenges while operating in worldwide. The company has faced issue of aging workforce and retirements, child labour and ethical and boycott issues. Nestle CEO Mark Schneide has great role in reducing the impact of bad image due to these issues in front of customers of Nestle. The supplier code is introduced by Nestle to maintain the good bonding between suppliers and company regarding goods. There was another issue of unexpected demand by customers and inaccuracy of orders numbers in inventory. The leader of the organization has introduced the Dealer Management system (DMS) which is software application that give tools for managing the inventory, integration and managing sales. It enhanced the good image between the dea ler and customers. In context of boycott issues which done in late 1970s, the leaders or managers of Nestle had provided the solution by supporting WHO campaign in introducing complementary foods (Nestle, 2011). It has been evaluated that the small changes bring the huge impact within the organization. The Nestle Leadership Program has been developed to provide the training session to the employees and the company had started to use image of manager as coach. It had been done in the company because it was the belief of it that coaching works best for development purposes (Daley, Coyle Dwyer, 2016). The role of ethics and ethical practice of Nestle The ethical principles in Nestle are effective as it cares the each employee of the organization and underpins the trust of customer. It involves the zero tolerance of fraud corruption and bribery. Privacy is mattered for the organization that is why the privacy programme is being initiated by the company in which company collect, store and utilizes the data to engage with consumers (Li, 2015). It covers the entire stages of the data processing from the stage of accumulation to deletion. Diversity is always considered as the sensitive issue, it is vital for the organization to give respect to the different cultures people (Downey, Werff, Thomas Plaut, 2015). The engagement process of Nestle is underpinned with transparency and good faith which is able to build knowledge and understanding in good manner. However, there are various leadership theories and styles but Nestle has adopted comprehensive leadership which involves managing for better outcomes, enhancing the internet talent o f the employee and competing with external environment for progressive growth in the same filed (Obisi, 2011). The major role of the leader in handling the ethics responsibility within the organization is vital because the response of the employee as well as customer may impact the entire project of the organization. The major advantage point of it is more focused towards the prevention of the future generations that is why it is committed to environmental sustainability. A contextual approach is being taken in the organization rather than dogmatic one; it entails the pragmatic decisions which are based on the facts. The role and legitimacy of the management function Nestle company has major four management functions such as planning, organizing, leading and controlling. The decisions are being evaluated by the leaders by keeping considerations of employees of the organization. The company evaluates the alternatives in an adequate manner before taking any action. The function of organization is initiated the workforce diversity plan and health safety plan not only for the customers but also for the employee (Hirsh, 2016). The leaders of the company have adopted the democratic style which involves the employee in making decisions of the company. Various acts are initiated by the company by taking consideration of the governments and company laws which help leaders of the company to control the activities of the organization. In context of legitimacy, Nestle initiate and openly advocates the United Nations Global Compact. It has been recognized by Nestle that globalization is the cause of leading to the development of international recommendations. Although, it is considered as the general rule, thee recommendations are defined to governments, they inescapably influence to the business practices. Nestle has integrated significant International Labour Organization Conventions. The local laws are respected by Nestle in order to improve the efficiency of the organization of particular place. It has been evaluated that the attitude of the leaders of the organization is impactful as they provide the training to the new employees regarding how to accomplish the task in effective manner without breaching any company norms (Deresky, 2017). It has been found that Nestle is in full of support of the efforts of government for the purpose of encouraging healthier diets. The profile of the products is improved in Nestle due to changes to complement the effort of government to build a healthier population. The management functions of the company can be influenced due to changes in political and social environment as it has been evaluated that the Nestle is following the laws and legislation as per settlement by government. Social environment has huge influence on Nestle as it is different of each country that may influence the working environment of the company (Nestle, 2014). However, the leaders of Nestle are more focused towards the local test of the particular country or region and it has been done by them by exploring the market of specific country. It enables them to take appropriate decision in context of management growth. The changes in political terms can impact the entire organizational structure of Nestle (Buettn er, 2015). For instance, the amendments in tax policy will certainly impact the entire products of the company in different countries. Nestle company had wide issues regarding unethical practices which hampered the image of the company adversely but the approach of leaders are effective that reduce the impact of it on the customers. Conclusion In the limelight of above discussion, it has been concluded that the management has huge role in the performance and the growth of the company. The rational of methodology has been provided to describe the way from where data are collected. The case study of Nestle has been opted for this assignment as it is world largest Food and Beverage Company that has effective organizational structure. The role of leaders has been discussed in context of facing issues and challenges in the organization. The appropriate actions were being taken by leaders to reduce the impact of adverse condition on the organization which has been elaborated in term of Nestle. References Arslam, A. (2014). Nestle. Retrieved from: https://medium.com/@arhamarslan/nestle-cf04010833cd. Buettner, R. (2015). 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